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Corporate Governance Matters: A Closer Look at Organizational Choices and Their Consequences, by David Larcker, Brian Tayan
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Corporate Governance Matters gives corporate board members, officers, directors, and other stakeholders the full spectrum of knowledge they need to implement and sustain superior governance. Authored by two leading experts, this comprehensive reference thoroughly addresses every component of governance. The authors carefully synthesize current academic and professional research, summarizing what is known, what is unknown, and where the evidence remains inconclusive. Along the way, they illuminate many key topics overlooked in previous books on the subject. Coverage includes:
- International corporate governance.
- Compensation, equity ownership, incentives, and the labor market for CEOs.
- Optimal board structure, tradeoffs, and consequences.
- Governance, organizational strategy, business models, and risk management.
- Succession planning.
- Financial reporting and external audit.
- The market for corporate control.
- Roles of institutional and activist shareholders.
- Governance ratings.
The authors offer models and frameworks demonstrating how the components of governance fit together, with concrete examples illustrating key points. Throughout, their balanced approach is focused strictly on two goals: to “get the story straight,” and to provide useful tools for making better, more informed decisions.
- Sales Rank: #1205413 in Books
- Published on: 2011-04-24
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x 1.23" w x 6.25" l, 1.80 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 496 pages
From the Back Cover
Corporate Governance Matters brings together comprehensive and objective information for directors and others seeking to improve corporate governance. Writing specifically for practitioners, the authors thoroughly examine the choices available in designing governance systems, explaining what is known about how these choices impact organizational performance.
The authors avoid ideological preconceptions and unsupported opinion, taking an empirical approach that relies on the available statistical and research evidence. Each chapter focuses on one governance feature, reviewing its potential benefits and costs. The authors present conclusions where the evidence supports them and candidly identify areas where broad conclusions cannot be drawn.
Corporate Governance Matters thoroughly addresses key issues ranging from strategic oversight to risk management, succession planning to compensation. Thoughtful and measured throughout, it will be an indispensable resource for directors, policymakers, institutional investors, and researchers alike.
Assessing Board of Directors’ roles
Understanding board duties, liability, selection, compensation, removal, and structure
Compensating and motivating executives
Assessing executive labor markets and planning compensation, incentives, and equity
Ensuring effective reporting and control
Improving the effectiveness of audit committees and external auditors
Understanding external influences
Evaluating institutional shareholders, activist investors, proxy advisory firms, and governance ratings
“An outstanding work of unique breadth and depth providing practical advice supported by detailed research.”
--Alan Crain, Jr., Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Baker Hughes
“Extensively researched, with highly relevant insights, this book serves as an ideal and practical reference for corporate executives and students of business administration.”
--Narayana N.R. Murthy, Infosys Technologies
“Fascinating, engaging, and full of useful information–a must-read!”
–Heidi Roizen, Founder, CEO and Chief Lyrical Officer, Skinny Songs
“A tour de force. David Larcker and Brian Tayan have written an easy-to-read, crucial-to-know overview of corporate governance today.”
--Stephen A. Miles, Vice Chairman, Heidrick & Struggles
“Corporate Governance Matters is sure to become required reading for director education and an essential desk reference for all corporate governance practitioners.”
--Abe M. Friedman, Managing Director, BlackRock
“David Larcker and Brian Tayan are the premier students and among the most thoughtful authorities on corporate governance.”
--Arthur Rock, Principal of Arthur Rock & Co.
“Corporate Governance Matters is a comprehensive, objective, and insightful analysis of academic and professional research on corporate governance.”
--Professor Katherine Schipper, Duke University, and former member of the Financial Accounting Standards Board
“They did it! Larcker and Tayan have cracked the code on the connections between corporate governance and corporate performance.”
--Ira Kay, Managing Partner, Pay Governance LLC
“When it comes to corporate governance, it seems that everyone has an opinion. David Larcker and Brian Tayan, however, have the facts.”
--Professor Joseph A. Grundfest, Stanford Law School
About the Author
David Larcker is James Irvin Miller Professor of Accounting at the Graduate School of Business of Stanford University; Director of the Corporate Governance Research Program; Senior Faculty, Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Center for Corporate Governance. David’s research focuses on executive compensation, corporate governance, and managerial accounting. He has published many research papers and is frequently quoted in both the popular and business press. He received his BS and MS in engineering from the University of Missouri-Rolla and his PhD in business from the University of Kansas. He previously was on the faculty of the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University and The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Professor Larcker presently serves on the Board of Trustees for the Wells Fargo Advantage Funds.
Brian Tayan is a member of the Corporate Governance Research Program at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He has written broadly on the subject of corporate governance, including case studies and other materials on boards of directors, succession planning, executive compensation, financial accounting, and shareholder relations. Previously, Brian worked as a financial analyst at Stanford University’s Office of the CEO and as an investment associate at UBS Private Wealth Management. He received his MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business and his BA from Princeton University.
Together, Larcker and Tayan have co-authored many case studies and articles on governance.
Additional resources and supporting material for this book are available at:
Stanford Graduate School of Business
The Corporate Governance Research Program
www.gsb.stanford.edu/cgrp/
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
An Outstanding Contribution for the Thoughtful Board Member
By Laurence J. Stybel
The authors work at the Stanford University's Graduate School of Business. David Larcker is James Irvin Miller Professor of Accounting. Brian Tayan is a member of the Corporate Governance Research Program.
Some governance books are written from a legal perspective. Some books about boards are written from personal observations. Some publications are "Best Practice" guides.
This book is different.
It is a dispassionate review of evidence based research in the field of corporate governance. It is designed for practitioners who are serious about understanding the complexity they must confront.
It is a book for Board members and students of governance to have at the ready. When the appropriate topic presents itself to the reader, this book will provide a thorough overview and present relevant studies to the topic at hand.
In addition to the physical book, there are web based resources to keep the material fresh.
The good news about this book is that it is wise and comprehensive. There is no "one best way." There is a presentation of different and sometimes conflicting research. Readers must be comfortable enough with themselves to draw their own conclusions from the evidence.
For example, the chapter on executive compensation covers internal inequity of CEO pay, the role of compensation consultants in creating high levels of CEO compensation, short term incentives, long term incentives, pay for performance, deferred payouts, performance-based stock options, etc. The authors manage to deal with these topics in almost a conversational tone and never get into preaching. They are informed guides and will show how reputable studies might contradict each other and why.
The structure of the book is suitable for practitioner Board members or for students taking a graduate course on corporate governance: Board of Director Duties; Board of Director Selection; Board Structure; Labor Market for CEOs and Succession Planning; Executive Compensation; Financial Reporting and Audit; Institutional Shareholders and Activist Investors; and Corporate Governance Ratings.
--Larry Stybel
Board Options, Inc.
lstybel@boardoptions.com
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Does Corporate Governance Matter? A Review Of A New Book By David Larcker and Brian Tayan
By fm
This review was originally published by me at Forbes.com on September 13, 2011.
Corporate governance matters.
That's the thesis of a new book of the same name by Professor David Larcker and his co-author Brian Tayan, Corporate Governance Matters: A Closer Look At Organizational Choices and Their Consequences.
Larcker directs the Corporate Governance Research Program at Stanford University where he holds the James Irvin Miller Professorship. Tayan is a member of the Corporate Governance Research Program and holds an MBA from Stanford. The authors try to avoid ideology or an agenda. Rather, they review the key topics and debates in the corporate governance discussion amongst practitioners, not just lawyers. The book provides statistical and research evidence where possible to support, and sometimes refute, commonly held beliefs and "best practices."
I have been writing more about corporate governance practices beyond the audit committee's role and responsibilities and its management of internal and external audit resources. There's been a lot to talk about. Companies like Berkshire Hathaway, models of corporate governance in some eyes because of their frugal and stock ownership-centric pay practices, stumbled recently. Chairman and CEO Warren Buffett and his board weren't monitoring heir-apparent David Sokol's personal investing closely enough and stumbled again when their Audit Committee investigated that case.
HP, Yahoo, and Apple have hiccupped handling isues at the CEO level, resulting in negative press and even doubts about the companies' futures. The major banks and financial institutions in the U.S. and the U.K. are suffering under pressure from lawsuits, depressed stock prices, and investigations in-house, at the legislative level, and by prosecutors and other regulatory agencies. Many have wondered both before, during, and after the crisis, "Where were the boards? Where were the auditors?"
I'm not so sure the most jaded will be convinced that spending time and money on corporate governance infrastructure truly matters to a company's stock price. But is stock price the only, and the ultimate, arbiter of the responsiblities and obligations of a corporation? I would argue that once a corporation raises money from the public, hires employees, contracts with vendors, commits to customers, and creates an interdependence with communities, its obligations and responsibilities extend beyond maximizing shareholder value.
Forget additional or, arguably, excessive regulation. Basic legal and regulatory compliance issues start the minute you buy or rent a building, hire your first employee, borrow money from a bank, manufacture a product or deliver a service, and seek to deliver a return to investors. Bigger companies, public companies, global companies, and those with systemic importance to the capital markets take on even greater obligations and should be forced, in my opinion, to demonstrate commensurate stewardship.
That's where the Larker and Tayan book shines. In a nuts and bolts fashion, the authors go through key issues in running and managing a company - as an executive, a board member and as an investor. Every single chapter highlights the evidence, for and against, various approaches to compliance with existing laws, regulations, and legal precedent. The book is written for practitioners, not legal experts, although there is more than enough legal information for me to know when to consult an expert for further detail.
The footnotes after each chapter provide details about the academic studies, books, and other resources cited in the chapter. They're a treasure trove. The callout case studies are well done and poignant in some instances. The debate over whether Warren Buffett's financial interest in Coca-Cola precluded him, based on independence rules, from sitting on the Audit Committee there seems quaint compared to the storm he faced over Sokol. The story of HealthSouth is still instructive as the worst of the worst of everything in the governance arena.
The discussion of corporate boards' attitudes towards activist investors, for example, was very illuminating. According to a 2007 study by Corporate Board Member and PricewaterhouseCoopers, directors rate the community and activist shareholders as eighth and ninth in a list of nine most important constituencies they serve. Numbers one and two on the list were "all shareholders" and institutional investors. Do activist investors overlap in the Venn diagram with all shareholders?
Employees rank below management.
I've been using Corporate Governance Matters as a reference for my writing over and over again. Rather than repeat the same old axioms with no support, we can now check to see if there is any. If you are an academic, the authors provide plenty of examples - the argument for independent chairmen and independent directors comes to mind - where Larcker and Tayan believe conclusions can not be drawn because there is insufficient empirical evidence to support popular or recent reactive legislative approaches.
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Corporate Governance Matters but Not in the Way You Think
By JamesMcRitchie
The authors make a good case that corporate governance "suffers from considerable rhetoric." Using available empirical evidence, they spend a considerable portion of the book debunking what are currently considered "best practices." Fortunately, it doesn't read like a diatribe, but rather a grounded framework that should be a valuable resource to anyone interested in this important subject.
After introductory chapters placing corporate governance in context, they devote substantial attention to the board: their duties and liabilities, selection, compensation, removal, structure. They also take a good hard look at CEOs: the labor market for CEOs, succession planning, compensation, and equity ownership. Other chapters cover organizational strategy, financial reporting and audits, market for control, investors, and ratings.
In 1994 the Council of Institutional Investors (CII) released Does Ownership Add Value?: A Collection of 100 Empirical Studies on the effectiveness of ownership structures and initiatives. Studies cited in that slim volume mostly supported shareowner activism or were inconclusive, while those cited by Larcker and Tayan lean even more to the inconclusive side. Perhaps the low hanging fruit reforms have mostly been implemented and those that some of us believe hold great promise, like proxy access, remain mostly untested.
One nice feature of the CII book that I would recommend to Larcker and Tayan for future editions was an appendix with a one line summary of each study grouped by topics, including a table indicating if the researchers found support for value added, subtracted or if the findings with respect to a practice were unclear.
The Larcker/Tayan book is more of a corporate governance text than a review of research but it does contain substantially more of the later than most texts on the subject. Still, because of a paucity of research in the field, the authors are frequently left to speculate. "Anecdotal evidence" was cited several times. Additionally, how much credence should we give to a survey of board members that finds they believe they "effectively challenged management" when necessary? Much of the value of research in the field is of questionable validity.
Still, anecdotal evidence can be enlightening, especially when it reveals directors being self-critical as when fewer than half reported believing they received excellent or good information about product quality, product innovation, relationships with business partners, customer satisfaction and employee commitment.
Another eye-opener is standard practice when recruiting directors. Companies generally assemble a list of top candidates, rank them in order of preference and then approaches them one at a time.
"In effect, the board (or the nominating and governance committee) decides who it wants to nominate before meeting face-to-face with the candidates... this is done because it is considered inappropriate to approach a qualified candidate (one who has been highly successful in a professional career) only to reject him or her in favor of another. Although some people might cringe at this as reminiscent of an `old boys' network," it is not clear whether a competitive process would improve board quality or whether the most qualified candidates would choose not to engage in interviews."
Yes, I'm still cringing. What are we dealing with, potential corporate directors or temperamental movie stars? There's plenty of ammunition throughout the book for shareowner activists, CEOs and directors about how to improve their performance. Unfortunately, most of the studies on "best practices" find mixed results, so one might expect their selective use to support whatever position one wants to advocate.
They cite a Corporate Board Member magazine survey that found almost a quarter of officers have directors they felt should be replaced: 36% lack necessary skills; 31% aren't engaged. Yet, Audit Analytics counts only 106 dismissals out of the entire population of thousands of public directors in 2009. As Dr. Richard Leblanc points out in a recent post on Governance Gateway Blog, to be a company director in Ontario, Canada, "you need to be over 18, not insane (or at least found to be insane by a judge), and not bankrupt. That's it." I doubt qualifications are much stricter in the States. I would note that in California you need to be licensed to cut hair and it requires a training program of 1,500 hours.
The authors are quite good about parsing studies with additional considerations. For example, most studies of the effect of stock ownership by directors do not take into account that ownership guidelines for corporations are not usually calibrated to the individual director's wealth. That could have a big impact on the likelihood of a correlation between director stock ownership and increased operating performance or firm value.
Another example is a study they cite that parsed out the difference between conventional financial independence of directors and social independence. "They found that social dependence is correlated with higher executive compensation, lower probability of CEO turnover following poor operating performance, and higher likelihood that the CEO manipulate earnings to increase his or her bonus."
In any volume citing so many studies readers assume all are covered but that would be unrealistic. Even so, in a discussion of the impact of employee stock ownership they cited a study that concluded such firms have slower growth, have lower labor productivity, etc. This flies in the face of my own experience in working with employee owned firms where productivity soared. Perhaps a key difference was that the companies I am am familiar with also instituted systems facilitating greater participation by employees in decision-making. For balance in this area, I would refer readers to a variety of studies cataloged at the National Center for Employee Ownership.
Another eye-opener. In 2007 the Conference Board found most companies had not integrated risk management into strategic planning and general operations. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP found only 20 percent of CEOs understand their responsibilities to manage risk. Of course, since the financial crisis one would expect much more attention in this area... at least we can hope. Another study cited in the book grouped companies into quartiles based on operating performance over rolling five year periods and found termination rates for CEOs in the bottom quartile of 2.7% per year, versus 0.8 in highest. "For our purposes, this study suggests that labor market forces are not always effective in removing senior-level executives."
An amazingly counterproductive practice mentioned was search consultants that negotiate the CEO-elect's compensation and are paid based on a percentage of that pay. And also this: "according to a study by Equilar, the average CEO stands to receive $29 million in cash and accelerate equity grants following a change in control." That's something to think about when reviewing your next CD&A for possibly inappropriate incentives. Another study found executie turnover rates double following an acquisition and that executive turnover remains elevated for ten years. Currently the richest 1% of households earns as much as the bottom 60% and possesses as much wealth as the bottom 90% of Americans put together. Americans are getting disgusted with such excesses. Soon, they'll be occupying Wall Street.
When it comes to assessing the value of shareowner democracy, the authors and I certainly have differences. They point out that a problem with majority vote requirements is that
"dissenting votes are often issue-driven and not personal to the director. For example, an institutional investor might withhold votes to reelect members of the compensation committee if they believe the company's compensation practices are excessive."
True, but such votes also took place before companies adopted majority vote requirements; majority voting just gives the votes more clout. More importantly, perhaps a director who dissents on compensation or other issues should be able to speak out. Then we shareowners would have a way of differentiating directors. Research from Cassandra D. Marshall entitled "Are Dissenting Directors Rewarded?" shows that corporate directors who resign from their post in protest pay a penalty in the job market over the following five years. The most common reasons for directors resigning in dissent are:
"agency problems or corporate wrongdoing (34% of cases); differences in opinion about corporate strategy or the future direction of the company (30% of cases); a dysfunctional or inefficient board (24% of cases); and other/miscellaneous reasons (12% of cases)."
Wouldn't it be nice to get to a point where dissenting directors are rewarded, instead of punished, when their dissent is well grounded? The authors are worried that shareowner democracy may reduce shareowner value and the supply of high-quality executives to public firms. Evidence is in the form of negative market reactions to potential say on pay regulations and proxy access, especially among companies most likely to be affected. Sure, the market reacts negatively to the possibility of proxy access and at least one possible reason was confirmed when the DC Court overturned the SEC's Rule 14a-11, essentially finding the SEC vastly underestimated the amount of money boards would spend from corporate coffers to keep themselves entrenched. Sears spent a small fortune to keep Robert Monks from obtaining one seat on their board. Imagine how how companies will spend to avoid two potentially dissident directors.
That's where Larcker and Tayan fall a little short... in their use of imagination. Moving away from proxy contests involving separate cards to a system where all candidates are listed on the same ballot and voters can cross "interest" lines could just be the equivalent of moving from a system of warfare to one of democracy. Democracy is generally less expensive and more creative. Another point of disagreement is their contention that empirically proving the value of reform must be "a precondition to all governance changes, both those mandated by law and those voluntarily adopted." You cannot prove what you aren't allowed to try. Perhaps proxy access through private ordering under the amended Rule 14a-8 will provide the equivalent of laboratory experiments.
Despite several contentious issues, I found many more points of agreement and learned of many studies I hadn't been aware of. I certainly agree that there has been too much focus on what they call the "features" of governance, instead of the "functions." The presence of a feature shouldn't imply the function is performed properly as we have seen over and over again in highly rated companies that had simply checked all the right boxes but with little in the way of real content.
Yes, issues are firm specific and the typical governance review of a firm like ISS can easily fall short because they don't have the resources to dig very far beneath the surface given the meager fees investors are willing to pay when subscribing to a service that offers opinions on every company in their portfolio.
A better model might be one proposed by Mark Latham in his Proxy Voting Brand Competition. Under that system companies would pay for much more extensive reviews than those currently performed by proxy monitors like ISS. Instead of spending an average of $2,000 gathering and analyzing data, companies would pay more on the order of $100,000 to a reviewer selected by shareowners and the reviewer would make their findings available to all shareowners, not just to subscribers.
Just as DNA sequencing has allowed us to move to personalized medicine, Latham's proposal would allow corporate governance reforms to be specifically tailored to individual companies. Such a system would allow examination in context of what Larker and Tayan see as real issues, such as organizational design, culture, the personality of the CEO and quality of the board.
In Corporate Governance Matters, you'll find a wealth of information regarding best and standard practices, as well as a review of a multitude of studies attempting to measure their effectiveness. Certainly, this is the kind of book we need if "good" corporate governance is to have any meaning.
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